Describe the role of Lipids in Living Organisms Essay Example

Describe the role of Lipids in Living Organisms Paper Lipids are a large and varied group of organic compounds, (3) which are insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol and ether. (7). The molecules contain atoms of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen. The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms is always greater than 2:1. (2)Triglycerides are fats and oils and are made when glycerol form condensation reactions with three fatty acids to produce ester bonds. (2). At 20à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C fats are solids whereas oils are liquids. One of the major roles of lipids in organisms is the use of these fats as energy stores. Upon breakdown they yield 38 kJ/g of energy compared favourably with carbohydrates which yield 17 kJ/g, (3) so they therefore store twice as much energy than carbohydrates. Animals store fat when hibernating and fat is also found below the dermis of the skin of vertebrates where it serves as an insulator. (10). Plants usually store oils and a small mass for energy is used in plants where the dispersal of small seeds by w ind or insects is much easier. (9). Triglycerides are also compact, insoluble, can be stored at high concentrations, without requiring water as a solvent and are not mobilised as easily as carbohydrates, (5) which makes them long term energy stores. (5)Fats also act as shock absorbing layers. (2). This protects delicate organs such as the kidneys or the heart from physical damage. Aquatic mammals such as whales have extremely thick subcutaneous fat, called blubber. (3). The blubber is extremely important in thermoregulation as underwater hair is ineffective as an insulation because it cannot trap water in the same way as it can air. (10). Therefore as it is a poor conductor of heat, the layer of fat under the skin of aquatic mammals helps them to keep warm in cold climates. Fats aid buoyancy in aquatic mammals because they are less dense than water. This is especially true in vertebrates such as aquatic birds. (2)Lipids are used for electrical insulation in Schwann cells. The membra nes of Schwann cells are largely composed of lipid and they do not contain the protein channels. (9). The Schwann cells produce the fatty material myelin that surrounds the axons of many mammalian nerve cells. (6)Triacylglycerols also release twice as much water as do carbohydrates when oxidised in respiration. (5). A more indirect role of triacylglycerols is the use of their metabolic water, this is the water produced from their oxidation. (5). This metabolic water is of vital importance, which include the development of very young reptiles when enclosed in eggshells or the daily metabolisms of animals such as camels, which live in habitats where water is scarce. (5). Triglycerides are also commonly used in waterproof coverings. (2). Oil coats animal skin to waterproof it along with fur and feathers so that water is repelled and the animals insulation is not affected.However, insects and plant leaves use wax to form a waxy cuticle, which prevents water loss by evaporation and trans piration. (9). The waxes are esters of fatty acids with long chain alcohols other than glycerols. (10). Exoskeletons may also be coated with it. Saturated fatty acids that have no carbon-carbon double bonds have a high melting point and are found in animals whereas unsaturated fatty acids with one or more double bonds have lower melting points and are found in plants. (4). These fatty acids are also used to derive plant scents, which attract insects and aid pollination.Phospholipids are lipids containing a phosphate group and are formed when one of the primary alcohol groups of glycerol (head) forms an ester with phosphoric acid (tail), instead of a fatty acid. (10). The presence of the phosphate group means that the charge on the head of the molecule is unevenly distributed. It is said to be polar and is attached to water. The head end of the molecule is described, as being hydrophilic (soluble in water). The hydrocarbon tails do not have this uneven charge distribution. They are t herefore non-polar and will not mix with water. The tail end of the molecule is described as being hydrophobic (insoluble). (4). The main role of phospholipids in living organisms is that they are a major component of membranes and it is these solubility characteristics, which are of extreme importance in cells because lipids tend to associate into non-polar groups and barriers, as in the cell membranes that form boundaries between and within cells. (8).Therefore, if phospholipids were placed in water, they would arrange themselves into a phospholipid bilayer where the tails point inward and the heads outwards. (7). This bilayer forms the basis of cell membranes. The membrane is partially permeable as water; water soluble and polar molecules cannot pass through whereas gases, lipids and non-polar molecules can. Other more minor roles of phospholipids in living organisms are in the transport of fat between gut and liver in mammalian digestion and as a source of acetylcholine. (5)Ster oids are lipids whose molecules contain four rings of carbon and hydrogen atoms with various side chains. (9). Steroids are common in all organisms, mainly as hormones. Phosphatidyl inositol (a phospholipid lacking the group esterified to the phosphate) acts to release inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol as intercellular second messengers to hormones. (1). Terpenes are common in plants as pigments whereas cholesterol is the most common in humans. From cholesterol are made the bile salts, the sex hormones and the hormones of the adrenal cortex, (5) aldosterone and cortisone. (10). A steroid closely related to cholesterol occurs in the human skin and is converted to vitamin D by the ultraviolet rays in the sunlight. (5)Lipids also lower the surface tension in the air breathing vertebrates to make breathing possible. (11)Therefore evolution development has facilitated the compartmentalisation of cells with the aid of phospholipids it can be considered as a vital compartment, whi ch has enabled complex development and variation with birds fro example. Such variation as buoyancy, insulation etc are brought about by triglycerides. Describe the role of Lipids in Living Organisms Essay Example Describe the role of Lipids in Living Organisms Essay Lipids are a large and varied group of organic compounds, (3) which are insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol and ether. (7). The molecules contain atoms of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen. The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms is always greater than 2:1. (2)Triglycerides are fats and oils and are made when glycerol form condensation reactions with three fatty acids to produce ester bonds. (2). At 20à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C fats are solids whereas oils are liquids. One of the major roles of lipids in organisms is the use of these fats as energy stores. Upon breakdown they yield 38 kJ/g of energy compared favourably with carbohydrates which yield 17 kJ/g, (3) so they therefore store twice as much energy than carbohydrates. Animals store fat when hibernating and fat is also found below the dermis of the skin of vertebrates where it serves as an insulator. (10). Plants usually store oils and a small mass for energy is used in plants where the dispersal of small seeds by w ind or insects is much easier. (9). Triglycerides are also compact, insoluble, can be stored at high concentrations, without requiring water as a solvent and are not mobilised as easily as carbohydrates, (5) which makes them long term energy stores. (5)Fats also act as shock absorbing layers. (2). This protects delicate organs such as the kidneys or the heart from physical damage. Aquatic mammals such as whales have extremely thick subcutaneous fat, called blubber. (3). The blubber is extremely important in thermoregulation as underwater hair is ineffective as an insulation because it cannot trap water in the same way as it can air. (10). Therefore as it is a poor conductor of heat, the layer of fat under the skin of aquatic mammals helps them to keep warm in cold climates. Fats aid buoyancy in aquatic mammals because they are less dense than water. This is especially true in vertebrates such as aquatic birds. (2)Lipids are used for electrical insulation in Schwann cells. The membra nes of Schwann cells are largely composed of lipid and they do not contain the protein channels. (9). The Schwann cells produce the fatty material myelin that surrounds the axons of many mammalian nerve cells. (6)Triacylglycerols also release twice as much water as do carbohydrates when oxidised in respiration. (5). A more indirect role of triacylglycerols is the use of their metabolic water, this is the water produced from their oxidation. (5). This metabolic water is of vital importance, which include the development of very young reptiles when enclosed in eggshells or the daily metabolisms of animals such as camels, which live in habitats where water is scarce. (5). Triglycerides are also commonly used in waterproof coverings. (2). Oil coats animal skin to waterproof it along with fur and feathers so that water is repelled and the animals insulation is not affected.However, insects and plant leaves use wax to form a waxy cuticle, which prevents water loss by evaporation and trans piration. (9). The waxes are esters of fatty acids with long chain alcohols other than glycerols. (10). Exoskeletons may also be coated with it. Saturated fatty acids that have no carbon-carbon double bonds have a high melting point and are found in animals whereas unsaturated fatty acids with one or more double bonds have lower melting points and are found in plants. (4). These fatty acids are also used to derive plant scents, which attract insects and aid pollination.Phospholipids are lipids containing a phosphate group and are formed when one of the primary alcohol groups of glycerol (head) forms an ester with phosphoric acid (tail), instead of a fatty acid. (10). The presence of the phosphate group means that the charge on the head of the molecule is unevenly distributed. It is said to be polar and is attached to water. The head end of the molecule is described, as being hydrophilic (soluble in water). The hydrocarbon tails do not have this uneven charge distribution. They are t herefore non-polar and will not mix with water. The tail end of the molecule is described as being hydrophobic (insoluble). (4). The main role of phospholipids in living organisms is that they are a major component of membranes and it is these solubility characteristics, which are of extreme importance in cells because lipids tend to associate into non-polar groups and barriers, as in the cell membranes that form boundaries between and within cells. (8).Therefore, if phospholipids were placed in water, they would arrange themselves into a phospholipid bilayer where the tails point inward and the heads outwards. (7). This bilayer forms the basis of cell membranes. The membrane is partially permeable as water; water soluble and polar molecules cannot pass through whereas gases, lipids and non-polar molecules can. Other more minor roles of phospholipids in living organisms are in the transport of fat between gut and liver in mammalian digestion and as a source of acetylcholine. (5)Ster oids are lipids whose molecules contain four rings of carbon and hydrogen atoms with various side chains. (9). Steroids are common in all organisms, mainly as hormones. Phosphatidyl inositol (a phospholipid lacking the group esterified to the phosphate) acts to release inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol as intercellular second messengers to hormones. (1). Terpenes are common in plants as pigments whereas cholesterol is the most common in humans. From cholesterol are made the bile salts, the sex hormones and the hormones of the adrenal cortex, (5) aldosterone and cortisone. (10). A steroid closely related to cholesterol occurs in the human skin and is converted to vitamin D by the ultraviolet rays in the sunlight. (5)Lipids also lower the surface tension in the air breathing vertebrates to make breathing possible. (11)Therefore evolution development has facilitated the compartmentalisation of cells with the aid of phospholipids it can be considered as a vital compartment, whi ch has enabled complex development and variation with birds fro example. Such variation as buoyancy, insulation etc are brought about by triglycerides.

Free Essays on Raymond Carver VS. Denis Johnson

The world seems to be divided by two realms of reality and experience. There is reality and fantasy, dreaming in our sleep, experiences that we can’t comprehend and handle, everyday we switch back and forth through these worlds. Raymond Carver and Denis Johnson dig into these experiences. Carver writes about humans with a set mind capacity and what happens when they are encountered with an experience that is larger than that capacity. Johnson writes about the transition of reality and something that is greater than are conception of reality, a super reality if you will. They both look at these contrasts of experiences and also look at relationships with women and how they change people in the stories. With Carver the characters are average people that the reader can identify with easily. Some of the characters can be stupid, ignorant, or troubled with their lives. But the reader can always identify with them some how. In the story â€Å"Nobody Said Anything† the main character, a boy who is skipping school, is encountered with many situations that he can’t seem to grasp or handle. In the beginning of the story his parents are arguing and it really troubles him. This excerpt from the story backs this up: I could hear them out in the kitchen. I couldn’t hear what they were saying, but they were arguing. Then it got quiet and she started to cry. I elbowed George. I thought he would wake up and say something to them so they would feel guilty and stop. But George is such an *censored*. He started kicking and hollering. â€Å"Stop gouging me, you bastard,† he said, â€Å"I’m going to tell!† â€Å"You dumb chicken*censored*,† I said, â€Å"Can’t you wise up for one? They’re fighting and Mom’s crying. Listen† He listened with his head off the pillow. â€Å"I don’t care,† he said and turned over toward the wall and went back to sleep. George is a royal *censored*. Now the boy hears his parents arguing and he... Free Essays on Raymond Carver VS. Denis Johnson Free Essays on Raymond Carver VS. Denis Johnson The world seems to be divided by two realms of reality and experience. There is reality and fantasy, dreaming in our sleep, experiences that we can’t comprehend and handle, everyday we switch back and forth through these worlds. Raymond Carver and Denis Johnson dig into these experiences. Carver writes about humans with a set mind capacity and what happens when they are encountered with an experience that is larger than that capacity. Johnson writes about the transition of reality and something that is greater than are conception of reality, a super reality if you will. They both look at these contrasts of experiences and also look at relationships with women and how they change people in the stories. With Carver the characters are average people that the reader can identify with easily. Some of the characters can be stupid, ignorant, or troubled with their lives. But the reader can always identify with them some how. In the story â€Å"Nobody Said Anything† the main character, a boy who is skipping school, is encountered with many situations that he can’t seem to grasp or handle. In the beginning of the story his parents are arguing and it really troubles him. This excerpt from the story backs this up: I could hear them out in the kitchen. I couldn’t hear what they were saying, but they were arguing. Then it got quiet and she started to cry. I elbowed George. I thought he would wake up and say something to them so they would feel guilty and stop. But George is such an *censored*. He started kicking and hollering. â€Å"Stop gouging me, you bastard,† he said, â€Å"I’m going to tell!† â€Å"You dumb chicken*censored*,† I said, â€Å"Can’t you wise up for one? They’re fighting and Mom’s crying. Listen† He listened with his head off the pillow. â€Å"I don’t care,† he said and turned over toward the wall and went back to sleep. George is a royal *censored*. Now the boy hears his parents arguing and he...

HDL 660 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

HDL 660 - Essay Example It can be advanced by introducing training programs to the young employees when they join an organization (Ardichvil, 623). Leadership is the process of influencing colleagues or workers positively with the aim of achieving a common goal. Leaders should have integrity, passion, and guide their associates towards achieving their goal. Leaders should express themselves in order to create value and trust in their associates or followers. I consider myself a leader because in the past, I have organized and coordinated club activities, group discussions, and meetings in school. These activities were all successful, and the students were able to achieve the stipulated visions and goals. Self-awareness= 17; internalized moral perspective= 16; balanced processing= 18; relational transparency= 17; authentic leadership= 68. Using the scoring interpretation in the questionnaire, a score of 68 is in the very high category, which stands for a very strong authentic leader (Northouse, 280). This course should help me make my stand on controversial issues and make it known to everyone. This will eliminate biasness when making the final decision and enable me to avoid changing my stand towards the winning side. An authentic leader should be true to oneself and express his or her

Marketing 301 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing 301 - Essay Example Each business organization wants to set a price which does not just cover all the costs incurred by the company but will also generate a sizable mark-up for the company. The profitability objective will be taken into account by having a sensitivity analysis which looks at the changes in profit when prices and volume varies. It should be noted that volume sales is often inversely related to price, that is, the lower the price the higher the volume and vice versa. In order to meet the volume objective, I will make sure that the price set will encourage the purchase of the desired volume. Next, in order to meet the competition objective, I will conduct a survey of the pricing of the different brands in the market to make sure that the price charged is at par with the local industry. Lastly, the pricing should support the prestige objective. Recognizing that the young women's apparel store should have a trendy and chic image, prices should not be kept too low in order to create this imag e. Low prices are often equated with lower quality and mediocrity. 2. Based on the direct mail marketing materials that I have found, a lot of firms are utilizing psychological pricing in order to entice customers in buying their products. Blouses are often priced around $5.99 or $8.95 in order to have the effect of being cheaper than it really is. This pricing strategy seems to be very consistent with competing firms like Wal-Mart and even Target.

2500 Word Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

2500 Word Portfolio - Essay Example The support worker does not necessarily work for a specific sector like the volunteer that works in the voluntary sector. Most support workers are employed in the private sector since the pay for support workers is good and the work involves specialized care for the patients. Support workers are also employed within the public sector and receive payments from the government. However, support workers do not work in the voluntary sector. The role of the support worker requires a person who not only supports patients but also displays certain other skills which include self-motivation, organizational skills, communication skills, flexibility, caring and sensitivity to others. The support worker requires these skills in order to manage and improve upon his work. He should be empathic to the needs of the patients, but while providing emotional and physical support, it is also required that the support worker be able to manage the work endorsed upon him. Since the support worker is aiding the sick, it needs to be understood that often times that sick are not capable to organizing their own lives. The support worker here has to fulfill all duties that the patient, himself is not able to do. This often requires the support worker to work outside the definitions of his profession. Therefore, flexibility is one need of the support worker (Prospectus, 2013). Good communication by the support worker is required in order to not just communicate with the patient but also with others related to the patient. This includes the family and friends of the patients, the doctor, and other authorities to whom the support worker has to answer to. In all these instances, the support worker needs to adopt a different tone and different attitude which thus requires good communication. The support worker would sometimes have to be empathic but at other times he would have to be strict; all these roles taken with the primary objective of improving the patient’s quality of

Pride And Prejudice Analysis of Themes

Pride And Prejudice Analysis of Themes An artist cannot do anything slovenly, once uttered Jane Austen in articulating her perception of art and literature. Pride and Prejudice, a novel by Jane Austen, is undeniably a masterpiece that has astoundingly challenged the beliefs and virtues of its era. In the novel, Austen adeptly depicts the convictions of her class-bound society and targets those exceptionable virtues with universal themes in her piece of art. Equipped with alluring writing skills, Austen succeeded in signing off a genuine artistic piece, which, to the very least, struck the heart and soul of her society. For these reasons, Pride and Prejudice, a memorable composition of the 18th century, is indeed worth examining and studying in reference to two major aspects of the novel, characterization and themes. To begin with, characterization is one chief aspect worth stressing and studying. In the novel, Austen wittily employs characters and characterization in her composition to better convey her messages. The characters stand out stupendously as vivid, real, round, and dynamic. Furthermore, the interactions and relations between characters in the novel further add to their development and advancement in the course of the plot. Taking all aspects into consideration proves that Austen cleverly utilized characterization marking characters not only as portrays of the exceptionable society, but also as means of criticizing and perhaps altering such a society. Initially, Jane, Elizabeths eldest sister, stands out as a shy, reserved, serious, and quite gentle individual. She is friendly, pleasant, considerate, and cheerful. Likewise, Mr. Bingley is portrayed as a wealthy, rich, friendly, good-natured, amiable, sociable, and affable person. Austen depicts both characters as similar characters, sharing their goodwill and compatibility. As they were similar, both Jane and Mr. Bingley are portrayed throughout the novel as a potential couple. In the novel, their relationship can be best regarded as that of love that is unhampered by obstacles between both lovers, but rather by external factors. At the beginning, Mr. Bingley meets Jane Bennet at the public ball, where Mrs. Bennet introduces Mr. Bingley to her. There, they engage in a dance. Later, Jane visits Mr. Bingleys estate in response to Caroline Bingleys invitation. After catching a cold, Jane is looked after by Mr. Bingley for a couple of days in his estate. During this period, each develops feelings for the other, and Mr. Bingleys affection for Jane becomes notable as well obvious. Later, Carolines efforts inspired by class differences along with Darcys efforts inspired by Janes lack of affection converge in attempt this set this relation to an end. Accordingly, a letter then arrives from Caroline, Mr. Bingleys sister, mentioning that Mr. Bingley and Darcy will be leaving back to Netherfield. Hence, Jane is torn apart as she comes to rationalize that Mr. Bingley might not have had any feelings for her initially. In accordance with Elizabeths advice, Jane heads to London to seek out Mr. Bingley. As soon as her attempt to reach Mr. Bingley is proven futile, Jane heads back home and utters that she is over with her affection for Mr. Bingley. Ultimately, Mr. Bingley returns back to town due to Darcys interference, which was sparked by his confrontation with Elizabeth. Eventually, Mr. Bingley proposes to Jane, and the couple is then set for marriage. On the other hand, Darcys relation with Elizabeth is that of an utter significance as it lies in the core of the plot. In the novel, Elizabeth Bennet is depicted as the smartest and most intelligent daughter of the Bennet family. She is amiable, lovely, honest, outspoken, and clever. Elizabeth is also talented at verbal sparring and utilizes often her verbal skills to her favor. On the other hand, Fitzwilliam Darcy stands out as a rich, wealthy, intelligent, aloof, and detached individual. He is overly conscious and proud of his social status. Likewise, Austin portrays both characters as similar to some extent. For instance, both are smart and intelligent, and both tend to judge people too harshly. As they were similar, Darcy surprisingly stands out as Elizabeths male counterpart and ideal match. Most importantly, their relationship exemplifies that of sincere love that is hampered often by obstacles and predicaments between both lovers in addition to remote forces and factors. In sp ite of all predicaments, their relationship ideally thrives and survives. In the novel Pride and Prejudice, Elizabeth first confesses to her sister, Jane, at the public ball that she has no intention of ever marrying. At the public ball, she meets Darcy, which in contrast to Mr. Bingley, refuses to dance or talk with anyone other than his company. Elizabeth deliberately judges him as arrogant and unpleasant. She also overhears him saying bad remarks about her to Mr. Bingley; and thus perceives him as ill-mannered and haughty. Thereafter, Elizabeth encounters Wickham, a handsome lieutenant, who tells her about Darcys betrayal to him due to jealousy. This further exacerbates Elizabeths perception of Darcy as an individual. Then, Elizabeth attends Bingleys dance, where she engages in some verbal clash with Darcy as she dances with him. During her visit to her friend Charlotte, Elizabeth visits Lady Catherine DeBourg, who is also Darcys aunt. There, Elizabeth encounters Darcy and engages herself again in verbal sparring, so Darcy confesses that he is not that sociable and outgoing. After that, Elizabeth learns that Darcy was the one behind ruining Janes marriage from Mr. Bingley. This further exacerbates her view of Darcy. Later, Darcy meets up with Elizabeth and confesses his love and proposes to her. However, Elizabeth rejects Darcys proposal for his arrogance, and for what he has cost her sister as well as Wickham. Soon afterwards, Darcy drops by Elizabeth and leaves her a letter justifying his actions. He mentions that Wickhams greed was the reason behind his behavior with him. He also mentions that he aimed at halting Mr. Bingleys relation with Jane as he thought this was better for him since Jane seemed not to be serious. Later during her visit to her uncle, Elizabeth decides to visit Pempberley, Darcys grand estate, where she learns about Darcys kindness from his servants. Here, Elizabeth begins to realize that she might have been erroneous about Darcys perception as an individual. Afterwards, Elizabeth learns that Darcy was the one behind covering up her sisters scandal after escaping with Wickham. She also realizes that he was also the one behind getting Mr. Bingley back to town to propose to Jane. Eventually, Elizabeth recognizes that she has blindly misconstrued Darcys intentions, and consents his second proposal for marriage, yet out of her love and passion this time. In addition to characterization, the novels themes, which challenged the exceptionable convictions and beliefs of an entire era, are another aspect worth stressing. One significant theme addressed by Austen in her novel Pride and Prejudice is love. Simply, Austen conveys in her composition that true love is a titanic force that is capable of withstanding all obstacles and predicaments. Mainly, the novel deals with Elizabeths intricacies in finding and sustaining this true love. Throughout the novel, both lovers are confronted with myriad predicaments, which all fail to end their relationship. Obstacles include Darcys pride and arrogance about his social class and his prejudice against Elizabeth for her lower class. Likewise, Elizabeths excessive pride and her prejudice against Darcy as an arrogant and haughty individual also exacerbates the relation between both lovers. Still other obstacles include Carolines snobbery and arrogance, Lady Catherine DerBourgs conceit and intervention, Wickhams treacheries, in addition to her fathers detachment as well her naÃÆ'Â ¯ve mothers obsession with engaging her to whoever proposes and seems financially fit. In spite of all those predicaments, the couples love ideally thrives, burgeons, and is eventually harvested through marriage. On the other hand, marriage is another aspect Austen targets via her novels themes. During the 18th century, marriage was regarded mainly as a means of attaining financial stability. In the novel, Austen wittily employs her characters to criticize this belief chiefly via two characters, Mrs. Bennet and Charlotte. Mrs. Bennet, as a mother of five daughters, sets high priority on marriage and is overly obsessed with the idea of getting her daughters to marry. She is absolutely not concerned with her daughters desires and is literarily ready to marry them to whoever is financially fit. An instance of this is Mrs. Bennets desire to marry Elizabeth to Mr. Collins regardless of his shallow, patronizing, boring, pompous, and conceited character. Surprisingly, Charlotte is another portray of Austens viewpoint on marriage during that era. The lady accepts Mr. Collins as a husband just to lift up to societys standards and attain financial stability. She even mentions in the novel, it is bette r to know as little as possible of the defects of the person with whom you are about to pass your life. In Pride and Prejudice, the title itself stands out as another universal theme conveyed by Austen. First, pride was evident throughout the course of the plot. Darcy exhibited pride due to class and social differences. Elizabeth was also proud of her ability of perception. Hence, this pride hampers their relationship as Darcys pride blinded him from Elizabeths various charms at many instances, and Elizabeths pride made her reject Darcys first proposal. Mr. Collins in addition to Lady DeBourg also exhibited pride in the novel. Likewise, prejudice was also prevalent throughout the novel. Mainly, Darcys pride makes him misjudge Elizabeth as impolite and inferior. Correspondingly, Elizabeth misjudges Darcy as conceited, haughty, and arrogant due to his high social standing. Thereby, both Elizabeth and Darcy were pride and prejudiced. Nonetheless, Austen also criticized the influence of money and social class on the society in her composition. In the novel, social class and money play a chief role in shaping the plot. It was Darcys high social class that made others misinterpret him as arrogant and haughty. Likewise, it was Elizabeths lower social class that forced the snobbish Lady DeBourg to interfere and try to oppose Elizabeths marriage from Darcy. In short, Austen wittily ridiculed her societys regard of social class as the sole means of judging an individual. Towards the end, Pride and Prejudice is one remarkable novel signed off by Jane Austen during the 18th century. Astoundingly, the composition utterly and effectively defies the dire convictions of Austens society. For this reason, the novel is regarded as one of the most eminent compositions in English Literature. Furthermore, characterization and themes are two chief aspects utilized by Austen and worth examining. Surpassingly, Jane Austen did not only succeed in leaving behind a memorable piece of writing, but also signed off an exceptional composition that helped revolutionize the societys perceptions of marriage and social class amidst an era dominated by class and social discrimination. The End

Hamlet :: essays research papers

Hamlet   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the themes I found in the play Hamlet, was the way Hamlet seemed to hold back on getting revenge for his father’s murder once he know who did it. After his father’s death and the hasty remarriage of his mother to his uncle, Hamlet started to spiral into a suicidal frame of mind. It is in this state that he meets the mysterious figure of his father’s ghost where he is told that it was his uncle, Claudius responsible for his death. Hamlet pledges to revenge his murder by Claudius who, the ghost also informs Hamlet, had already committed adultery with his queen during his lifetime. â€Å"Although Hamlet accepts the ghost’s word while he is with him, seeds of doubt about the ghost’s authenticity have been sown from the very beginning of the play and continue to torment Hamlet up until the end of the play† (Heilman p.45). Hamlet is not shore if this is really his farther or a devil in disguise. Hamlet Swears revenge will be quick for his father’s murderer. For the two months since Hamlet has seen the ghost, Hamlet has been unable to commit his vowed revenge; unable to explain to himself either his long delay or his depression and insanity. Maybe he’s scared of taking revenge on Claudius, he may think by taking revenge he endangers his own soul. â€Å"No matter how right a man might think his motives are, if Claudius is innocent; the act of revenge would inevitably make Hamlet as evil as the accused in the eyes of God† (Becker p.32). â€Å"Hamlet decides to test Claudius’ guilt and the authenticity of the ghost; he will stage a performance of a play, which will reproduce Claudius’ crime and observe his reaction to it†(Durband p.304). This plan was successful because Claudius broke down during the performance. Hamlet now knows Claudius is the murderer, and the ghost was actual his father. Hamlet has a perfect opportunity to achieve his revenge when he accidentally comes upon the guilt-ridden Claudius alone in prayer. Again he rationalizes himself into delay, this time on the grounds that his revenge would not be horrible enough as Claudius penitence might save his soul from hell. Although Hamlet dies at the end, he was able to avenge his father’s death. Because Laertes confessed that the king was to blame for hamlets mothers death as well as for the poison on the sword, Hamlet was able to achieve his revenge in terms that exonerated his soul from danger.

Osmosis in Different Concentrations

I am going to investigate osmosis when potato is placed in different   concentrations of sucrose. I am aiming to witness osmosis in 5   different concentrations of sucrose. I will use 5 varying concentrations so that I have a wider spread to compare the results,   and check that I don’t have any anomalies Prediction Osmosis  is the process of diffusion of water molecules from a weaker   solution into a stronger solution, through a semi  permeable membrane.The tiny pores in the membrane of the potatoes will allow the water   molecules to go in and out of the potato cell, depending on the   concentration gradient between the potato and the sucrose solution. If   the  water concentration  is lower in the potato than in the sucrose   solution, then water will pass from the sucrose solution into the   potato, and it will gain weight.If there is a higher concentration of   water in the potato, then the water will go out of the potato and into   the sucr ose solution, as osmosis is the movement of water molecules   from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration,   through a semi permeable membrane. So, I predict that the higher the   concentration of sucrose, the lower the weight of the potato as water   from the potato diffuses into the sucrose solution. Predicted graph of results: [IMAGE] Apparatus * 6 test tubes * 6 different concentrations of sucrose solutions * Potato Potato cutter/core * Digital measuring scales * Measuring cylinders * Knife * Test tube racks * Tissue paper Method I will need 1 piece of potato in each tube. As there are 15 tubes I   will have to calculate how many pieces I will need altogether. I think   this would be a suitable calculation: 1Ãâ€"15=15. So, I will pierce out   some pieces of a potato using a core, and then cut 15 slices with a   knife. Then I will measure 10ml of each of the 6 sucrose solutions   using a measuring cylinder. I will be given these differe nt   concentrated solutions in the general laboratory.I will label the   tubes 1 to 15 and fill each one with 10ml of the solution. Tube 1-3 will have a concentration of 0 Tube 4-6 will have a concentration of 0. 4 Tube 7-9 will have a concentration of 0. 8 Tube 10-12 will have a concentration of 1. 2 Tube 13-15 will have a concentration of 1. 4 I will measure each slice on the measuring scales to identify each   potato slice with its weight before and after immersion in the   sucrose. Having measured each slice on the scale and recorded its   weight, I will then place the slices in the test tube containing the   solution for 24 hours.Then I will empty the solution from the test   tube by pouring it in the sink and remove the potatoes by hand and   place them one by one on the scale. For accuracy, I will make sure   that I wipe off any excess solution on the scale before placing each   new slice on it. I will record the weight after placing them in the   soluti on for 24 hours. This process will be repeated for tubes 1 to 15   and the results will be noted in a table and then plotted on a line   graph. I will make this a fair test by only varying the concentration of   sucrose and the size of the potato slices, but keeping everything else   the same.The same potato must be used for the whole experiment or   otherwise, the results would differ as the age and sizes might be   different, which means one potato might have more water in it than the   other. I will use a 10ml measuring cylinder so that I can accurately   measure the exact amount of sucrose needed. As the cylinder measures   different sucrose solutions, it has to be washed out each time I measure   another 10ml of sucrose for the next tube, because it may be   contaminated with the different sucrose’s.All the tubes will be kept for   the same time, in the same place, so that the uncontrollable   temperature would not affect the tubes separately. I will not be able to control: * Temperature – because I won’t be in the laboratory for 24 hours,   and the temperature could change in the night, or morning. *Temperature of solution- because I was not able to obtain a thermometer and I was not in the laboratory for 24 hours so it could change. * Weighing scales – because these are digital and therefore, it   produces results by itself. I will be able to control: Concentrations of sucrose – they are already measured * Time – I will do the experiment, and come back the next day at the   same time, and promptly record the results *weight of the potato- I weighed the potato slices before the experiment. For safety in the laboratory, I will be very careful using the sharp   knife which I will be using to cut the potatoes with. I will make sure   that I have an overall so that my clothes don’t get dirty if the   solutions spills. I will remember not to put potatoes or sucrose in my   mouth as they might have been infected by chemicals in the lab, which   are poisonous.I will measure the weight of the potato in grams, and the concentration of sucrose in percentage. I am expecting everything to work out well as I have a perfectly good   method but if I feel that the results may be wrong, I will repeat my   experiment. Preliminary results These are my results: This experiment supports my plan and prediction. The carrot gains   weight in normal water, and decreases weight in concentrated sugar   solutions. By doing this experiment, I believe that my method is good, and it   will work. I think I should specifically be aware of the scales,   because they alter a lot.However, this was carried out at home, so   the cooking scales may have not been so accurate, as accuracy is not   very important in cooking. Results these are my first results. They proved to be wrong. This mistake   would have been made my human. I assume that I used two different   scales, and have got all the weights jumbled up. The weight taken at   the beginning is also not correct, so I may have made a mistake right   from the start. Concentration of sucrose. | Weight before| Weight after| 0| 1. 28| | 0| 1. 33| | 0| 1. 29| | 0. 4| 1. 29| | 0. 4| 1. 27| | 0. 4| 1. 2| | 0. 8| 1. 31| | 0. 8| 1. 3| | 0. 8| 1. 3| | 1. 2| 1. 29| | 1. 2| 1. 37| | 1. 2| 1. 27| | 1. 6| 1. 26| | 1. 6| 1. 3| | 1. 6| 1. 31| | Conclusion I found out that as the concentration of sucrose increases, the weight   of the potato decreases. In water it gained 1. 26 grams, but in 1 Sucrose   solution, it lost 0. 16 grams. My prediction supports my conclusion. I have calculated the average change in weight to have a simple, clear   idea where the experiment is leading me to. Instead of having a large   number of weights, I combined them into one by averaging them.I found   the average by adding the weight gain/loss for each tube and divided   it by three. To find the percenta ge, I multiplied that decimal by 100. I drew a line graph, and then a line of best fit, which is sloping   downwards, negatively. This proves that the weight is getting lower as   the percentage of the sucrose concentration is getting higher. In my investigation I found a definite relationship between the 2   variables – weight and concentration of sucrose. Any increase in   sucrose concentration led to a decrease in weight. The prediction is supported by the evidence of the graph.Although   there is one anomaly, all the other results stand out and give a   straight line of best fit – exactly as I predicted. The point of   early plasmolysis is where the concentration of sucrose and potato   are even. There is no osmosis taking place at that point. As I said in   my plan, if the water concentration is lower in the potato than in the   sucrose solution, then water will pass from the sucrose solution into   the potato, and it will gain weight. If the re is a higher concentration of water in the potato, then the water will go out of   the potato and into the sucrose solution.This is because osmosis is   the movement of water molecules from a region of high concentration to   a region of low concentration, through a semi permeable membrane. The up raise of sucrose is the downfall of potato mass. [IMAGE] Osmosis In osmosis, water diffuses through a semi-permeable membrane. This diagram illustrates the concentrated sugar solution, separated   from dilute sucrose solution by a selectively permeable membrane. This   has pores (holes) in it which are very small, and selects what it   wants to let through i. e. small molecules.Water molecules are very   small. Each one is made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. However, sugar molecules are many times larger. In potatoes, the pores   of the membrane only let the water through. There is a higher concentration of sugar molecules on the right-hand   side of the mem brane in the diagram, than in the left-hand side. Sugar   molecules would diffuse from the concentrated solution into the dilute   one until they were evenly spread out if there was no membrane, but   they cannot do this as the pores are too small for the sugar to get   through the membrane.Therefore, the small water molecules diffuse   into the concentrated sugar solution, to make it more dilute. This process is called osmosis. It is the diffusion of water molecules   from a place where they are in a higher concentration, to a place   where they are in a lower concentration, through a selectively   permeable membrane. Potato cells plasmolyse in concentrated solutions. This diagram   illustrates a plant cell[IMAGE] (which is similar to a potato cell) in   a concentrated solution. It will lose water by osmosis. The cytoplasm   and the vacuole will shrink.The cell membrane is semi-permeable and the vacuole contains a sucrose   solution. So when a cell is placed in distilled water (high   concentration) water will move across the semi-permeable membrane into   the cell (lower water concentration) by osmosis, making the cell   swell. This cell is called ‘turgid’. In potato cells, the cells would   increase in length, volume and weight because of the extra water in   the potato. If the potato was to be placed in a lower concentration, then the   opposite would happen, because water would move out of the cell into   the solution.If the solution is very concentrated, then a lot of water will diffuse   out of the cell. The cytoplasm and vacuole will keep shrinking, but   the cell wall will not as it is too stiff. As the cytoplasm shrinks   further and further into the centre of the cell, the cell wall gets   left behind. The cell membrane, surrounding the cytoplasm, tears away   from the cell wall. If this happens, the cell is said to be   plasmolysed. The potato will therefore, decrease in length, volume and   weight. Plasmolysis is the point where the membrane is totally detached from   its ell wall, and the potato is killed. Evaluation my experiment shows some accurate results. It concludes the experiment, and proves my prediction. My   final results were quite reliable; due to the precautions I took to make this  a fair test. The graph has a straight slope pointing downwards, which is the   clearest way to understand my prediction. All of them are not that   closely together, neither far away, so a line of best fit joins some   tips of the points, and causes it to go straight down.I have one anomalous result, which falls on 0 on the x axis. This   occurred in tube 5, which contained a concentration of 0. 4. Perhaps I did not   carry out that properly. These were the main problems in carrying out the experiment:- * Scales kept moving * Difficult to get out the potato from the core * Potatoes get stuck in tube. * Solution is still left after wiping the potato and the scales * Different scales * couldn’t control the temperature the point of early plasmolysis would not be valid.This is because   I have just plotted it on the graph on a line which suits my results. To prove that it is the right point, I would have to do another   experiment to find that out. The other evidence is likely to be valid, because as all the evidence   links to the results. My investigation is fair because I did not   change many things, expect the concentration of sucrose. I think that I have collected quite a lot of evidence to support my   conclusion. The result table is the main source of evidence.I could   try investigating with more percentages of sucrose concentration, the   size of the potato and have more short intervals between the sucrose’s. This would have a more spread to the results, and therefore, results   can be compared and evaluated more thoroughly. They would be very   accurate as well as reliable. As I have an anoma ly, my evidence may not be extremely correct. I   would have to do more research to what I have already done (in the   conclusion) on osmosis, and see what actually happens, and see if it   occurs in plant cells all the time.If I were to repeat the experiment, I would use a very accurate scale,   so that results would come out accurately and then I would have a accurate   average. The graph will be fairly accurate. I would also make sure   that the scale and the potato slices are properly wiped. This is   because if they are not wiped, the weight would increase, and will not   be accurate. I could use a syringe or a burette to measure the 10ml of   sucrose solution, because those two apparatus are very accurate.I would do several more experiments with bigger sizes of potatoes to   obtain more evidence to support my conclusion. I will also do some   research on osmosis, and this will make me certain of my evidence if I   have many to compare with. I will agree with the majority. Overall, I am very pleased with these results and with the evidence I   have so far, that osmosis occurs when there is a high concentration   and a low concentration, both aside a semi-permeable membrane. The   lower concentrated substance diffuses through the membrane to where   there is the higher concentrated substance.

Disaster Management of JohnsonJohnson and Coca

Disaster Management of JohnsonJohnson and Coca Introduction On 30th September 1982, Johnson Johnson Company’s boss received news that seven people had died after consuming cyanide-laced capsules of Tylenol in Chicago. The news spread expressly through the media to the extent of causing countrywide panic.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Disaster Management of JohnsonJohnson and Coca-Cola specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company launched investigations to find out the causes of the deaths and ascertain the association of their product to the deaths. The outcome proved that an individual had maliciously replaced the Tylenol extra-strength capsules with cyanide extra strength in the company’s packages and sold them to consumers to bring down the business reputation. The company had a hard time trying to explain the situation to the public and its customers and convince them to continue trusting its merchandise. Although the strategy worked, the cor poration lost many revenues. Even with such a scenario, the company did not prepare for the eventuality of another such attack. In 1986, a similar attack took place. However, the company was more prepared and was able to deal with the problem. This occurrence redefined the rules of crisis management. Scholars have strengthened their thesis concerning this fact. A different scenario in Europe put Coca-Cola in the same spot, making it lose market control to the level of banning its products and rights from markets. Unlike the Johnson Johnson Company’s crisis, Coca-Cola had poor public relations, which cost it more to re-enter the market. The scenarios in these two companies have given crisis control scholars two different points of view and allowed them to analyse the approaches in a manner that determines the method that is most appropriate for a particular scenario.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first pape r with 15% OFF Learn More Every company must have crisis management embedded in its managerial strategy. Companies must learn to study the market and determine the threats as they occur so that they can do away with them as soon as they pop up to avoid losing business or tarnishing their brand names. This paper will focus on these two crises to bring out the key points that determine the effectiveness of a response to a crisis and the failures that are associated with poor handling of such scenarios. Crisis Management for the Two Companies Johnson Johnson Crisis By 1982, Johnson Johnson Company had commanded about 35% of the US counters analgesic markets. This accomplishment translated to about 15% of the total national revenues in over-the-counter drugs. By far, it had the controlling power. Thus, it acted as the price giver. According to Rehak (2002), the results of cyanide incorporation in the Tylenol were catastrophic. Seven people died in the US. The situation resulted in a market-wide panic and reduction in the consumption of the company’s products. The information turned the population against the drug. For a large period, the company’s drugs lost value. From another viewpoint, the company shares too went down almost to a recess. The events must have taught the company a major lesson. Following the end of this crisis that was poorly managed, another similar crisis faced the company in 1986. One might wonder whether the company had no hint concerning catastrophe preparedness. The company was not ready to lose any more value in stock. It made a quick response to the crisis by recalling its products both in the home market and in the international front. This move was consumer-friendly. It would go a long way in its future. Although the company had to spend over one billion dollars in correcting this mistake, it was recognised as the most consumer responsive company (Rehak, 2002). This achievement swayed the population to tr ust its products.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Disaster Management of JohnsonJohnson and Coca-Cola specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Clients were assured that the company was readily responding to their call in case of a crisis. As Rehak (2002) says, â€Å"It placed consumers first by recalling 31 million bottles of Tylenol capsules from store shelves and offering replacement product in the safer tablet form free of charge† (Para. 3). Most painkiller consumers shifted their loyalty from other brands such as Perrier to Johnson Johnson. This move by the corporation was a calculated one. The risks were too high. The business would have faced a criminal impeachment that would have cost it more billions while at the same time losing the client base, products, and the market for future production. The reader might want to predict what would have happened if the company did not implement such a response mechanism . The company’s well-calculated response saved it from this loss because any more deaths would have resulted in the company’s products being banned from many of the markets. This crisis would not have been controlled at this level. The quick response created trust between the manufacturer and the consumer. By observing the consumer characteristics of wanting to consume nothing but the best, the firm understood that the shopper would shift to another product unless there was a compensating factor. The recall was smart, as the consumer felt cared for and thus convinced to remain loyal (Curtin, Hayman, Husein, 2004). The company’s management forewent the short-term goals for the long-term ones by losing the billion dollars in recalls as a way of restructuring the company’s strategy (Rehak, 2002). Its ability to achieve the long-term goals at that moment entirely depended on how it would handle the situation.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although silencing the problem came at a cost, the company assured customers of safety when enjoying its products. Since the clients were the same target bases for the company’s longer goals, it secured their returns in the end. The reader can confirm that the move was a game changer that had not been tried before. Any backfiring would have cost the company more resources. The outcome was unpredictable and open to market forces. For crisis managers to undertake this method, they must have studied the market to know which move to play. Coca-Cola’s 1999 Crisis Coca-cola is a globalised company whose financial assets are estimated at 160 billion dollars. It controls most of the world soft drink market. In Europe alone, its market share is about 60% (Johnson Peppas, 2003). This figure implies that it has the majority market share and thus a price setter. Given that Europe acts as one trade bloc in most of its economic decisions, any crisis that hits a single nation can be felt in all the 15 nations in the union. A company such as Coca-Cola must thus be careful in its response to the crisis to ensure that it remains at the same controlling position of retaining its profits constant. Confirming this assertion, Business Monitor International (2014) says, â€Å"The Coca-Cola Company (Coke) has been behind PepsiCo (Pepsi) in addressing the weakening industry structure† (p. 168). Unfortunately, this happening was not the case in 1999. According to Johnson and Peppas (2003), while it tried to respond to the issue of drink contamination in its own approach, the company was unable to convince the nations that it had everything under control. Managers had to face the challenge of explaining the contamination of imported drinks. Countries such as Germany were unhappy with the situation. Reporting in New York Times, Andrews (1999) confirmed how, â€Å"a growing number of consumer groups in Germany and elsewhere complained that Coca-Cola had been opaque and unreassuring in its public explanations† (Para. 4). They demanded the company to be receptive. In response, the company sent crisis managers to curb the spread of the disaster, as well as its return to its former position. The reader might want to know whether the goods were recalled as witnessed in the previous case. However, unlike Johnson Johnson Company situation, Coca-Cola did not recall the products. For instance, as Blanding (2010) reveals, steered by its Indian subsidiaries, the company placed an advertisement saying, â€Å"We can safely assert that there is no contamination or toxicity whatsoever in our brand of beverages† (p. 242). Instead, it pushed to see that the products were sold citing that the drinks were not contaminated and that they could not affect the consumers’ health. As a result, some of the trustworthy consumers remained loyal to the brand, although many nations and consumer protection groups pushed for the withdrawal of the product s from the market. The result was some nations banning the use of the products in some countries. For instance, Belgium-manufactured products were banned from German markets. Andrews (1999) confirms this assertion by showing how, â€Å"German authorities began checking the origin of Coke products and removing any that had been bottled in France or Belgium† (Para. 4). Spain and Italy followed suit. Implication Following the extensive business and ecological problems that arose during the 1980s, disaster administration was introduced. GAO was in the forefront to bring the subject of crisis management on the table. This body â€Å"focused on three phases of the financial crisis management† (GAO, 1997, p. 1). The aim was to assess damages that occur in case of a disaster and create mechanisms to deal with them while maintaining the companies’ financial status as close as possible to its former position. From these expositions, the industrial crisis that hit the John son Johnson Company had repercussions in terms of how it was handled. However, a similar crisis in 1986 redefined the company’s position and crisis management approaches. In 1999, Coca-Cola was hit by the same kind of crisis. However, its slowness in response deteriorated its position, thus leading to major losses in the European region. In terms of loss of market control, Coca-Cola lost market since its products were banned from these major markets (Lyon, 2004). Confirming this situation, Johnson and Peppas (2003) say, â€Å"the Belgian Health Ministry ordered that Coca-Cola trade-marked products be withdrawn from the Belgian market† (p. 18). Considering that it controls 60% of the European soft drinks market, the company lost billions in dollars after consumers lost their trust in the company’s products. In terms of investment loss, while the products were not recalled in some regions such as Germany, the company was unable to sell the products, despite sendi ng administrative official to confirm to consumers that the products had, â€Å"no signs of contamination† (Andrews, 1999, Para. 14). This observation means that it lost both the short-term and long-term investment. Since the products remained in stall, the production was slowed. Hence, the future of its sales was uncertain. According to Johnson and Peppas (2003), the business was finally recalled from the market following the push from the Belgian Health department because of two unconnected reasons. Firstly, customers protested of irregular flavour and aroma in the company’s bottles. Secondly, one hundred people became unwell following the consumption of the drinks (Johnson Peppas, 2003). An approximate of fifteen million packaging containers was returned to the company. Although Coca-Cola had existed for over one hundred and thirteen years before this event, it experienced decrease in consumer loyalty. It had gained massive consumer loyalty. Most consumers regarded its products to have the highest quality in soft drink manufacturing. How the Crises were Well Managed Following the identification of the crisis and an overview of the course of action of the two scenarios, this section will make a chronological review of the management of the crisis. It also presents short-term and long-term outcomes in an attempt to see the effect of their approaches. The section will also define a working plan that will compare the approaches of theories of crisis management and conclude on their effectiveness. Which is the most effective crisis management approach? To answer this question, it will work to investigate, determine, and analyse the approaches to give a detailed conclusion and suggestion as to the most effective approaches. Following the lift of the ban in Belgium, the company had to discuss the way forward. For instance, it was â€Å"to take immediate steps to remedy those problems† (Johnson Peppas, 2003, p. 18). He announced that the comp any would embark on aggressive marketing campaign in Europe to regain consumer trust. He held forums, giving samples, and holding dances and music parties where the attendees were given free drinks (Johnson Peppas, 2003). The company also held a summer tour around Europe to promote the brand. A competition around Europe in which 72,000 customers would win different prices was undertaken Johnson Peppas, 2003). This strategy was very effective since consumers had to guzzle many of the products to participate and win. The products regained their popularity throughout Europe in this promotion. From this plan, the key role of crisis management as part of every management strategy became evident. Coca-Cola Company may have failed to foresee this crisis. However, it was not prepared to deal with the crisis. What it did was to solve the aftermath of the crisis. Did it have a team that was ready to respond to the problem immediately before it escalated? Controlling the aftermath became mor e expensive than it should have been if such a team were in place. As Ferrell, Fraedrich, and Ferrell (2010) assert, perception becomes a reality and that unless a situation is curbed as it emerges, it escalates to bigger issue. The governments finally lifted the ban, which was a reassuring point to the people upon considering that the community respected and expected them (governments) to protect their interests. As Johnson and Peppas (2003) confirm, â€Å"the Company began moving to resume production of high-quality products while maintaining efforts to recover and destroy all existing products† (p. 19). Brand image preservation was a key requirement. Using its website, the company initiated public education (Johnson Peppas, 2003). The factors were generalised to fit all countries. The brand was also more informative on the containers. This information assured the public that the company was taking steps to ensuring that such incidents were outdated. In terms of value-adde d components, the company was able to convince the public that its product had value-added components that could make it out win its competitors (Johnson Peppas, 2003). For instance, it embarked on quality merchandise whose prices were affordable. The company built public confidence in its leadership. For instance, with the coming of the vice-president to assess the situation in Belgium, the corporation showed a lot of care on the side of its clients and management. This outcome was a positive social responsiveness. Tylenol had dominated the over-the-counter bazaar in America for years. In fact, as Markel (2014) says, â€Å"Before the 1982 crisis, Tylenol controlled more than 35 percent of the over-the-counter pain reliever market† (Para. 10). However, the company chose to withdraw it from the market to show that it was not ready to risk public lives. Kaplan (n.d) presents the role that public relations played in the process of addressing this disaster. This move reversed th e public view. Instead of seeing Tylenol as the cause of its issues, esteemed clients and stakeholders regarded the company as the victim of the disaster. Thus, they remained loyal to Johnson Johnson Company’s brand. This move was significant and effective. It allowed the company to forego its short-term goals while at the same time re-emerging to fulfil and achieve its long-term goals as Johnson and Peppas (2003) confirms. This move that cost the company millions of dollars also saved it more billions that would have otherwise been incurred while struggling to join the market a new after the crisis. In response to the crisis, the company engaged in informative advertisement plans. Using the media, the company communicated to the public concerning its plan to produce quality and standard. For the Coca-Cola Company, this strategy reduced and eliminated the possibility of further casualties. Confirming the above achievements, Johnson and Peppas (2003) assert, â€Å"By the beg inning of August, research indicated that core users of Coca-Cola brand products reported the same intent-to-purchase levels as before the crisis† (p. 20). For Johnson Johnson, the move also reduced the cost of repaying and compensating the victims. Introduction of the triple packaging seals for commodity safety purpose was also an excellent strategy. Reporting for the New York Times, Pace (1982) says, â€Å"The business stock rose from $1.50 yesterday, to $47.25, in trading on the New York Stock Exchange† (Para. 8). This parcel had a fastened container, a synthetic material, and a close up that guaranteed safety of the content. Using multiple conferences at corporate headquarters, the company advertised the new plan of securing its packaging materials and immediately gained public, despite the move amplifying the business operations costs (Pace, 1982). Scholars such as Pace (1982) and Markel (2014) have viewed the strategy that Johnson Johnson Company adopted as the forgiveness and sympathy method. It reacted in a manner that depicted how it was sorry for the mistake. This strategy worked perfectly. Soon after, the company was the best performing. Rectification was witnessed based on the steps the company took to ensure that this event did not happen again. By introducing the three-seal package, the company showed the public its willingness to change the scenario and continue doing business with its venerated clientele. The sympathy strategy was such that the public viewed the crisis as a deliberate attack by an outside force. This tactic won sympathy for the company from the public, which meant that it (the public) would help it (the company) to regain its position and thus disassociate it with poor drugs. Changes to be made for Future Resilience Evaluating the two approaches, both companies were able to deal with the crisis at hand in different ways to achieve the same objective. The difference was only witnessed in the cost of averting the c risis. The whole study on Coca-Cola revolves around the fact that the company was not quick enough to solve the issues as compared to Johnson Johnson Tylenol Company. The ease at which one company discovered the problem determined the incurred costs. Both companies failed to put in place a crisis management team before the crisis happened. They should have put up this department in their management strategies to ease the response. If this plan were in place, the number of casualties in both scenarios would have been less. The companies have ever since considered having a crisis response team following the lesson they got from the two events. Coca-Cola Company should have considered consumer protection a priority over profits. It did not withdraw its products from the market until its brand was banned. This step was only a control measure, rather than a management strategy. It only responded to the crisis while not addressing its consumers or issuing a statement that would have crea ted a sympathy situation. On the other hand, Johnson Johnson Company accepted it fault given that this incident was the second crisis of the similar manner. With reference to the 1982 case, the company waited without issuing a control mechanism until the occurrence of the second problem to initiate the protocol. The company was profit conscious and hence the reason why it did not want to recall its products because that move would have reduced its returns. Conclusion Coca-Cola is among the most recognised businesses in the world for its sale of soft drinks. However, the paper has made it clear that the company did not attain its excellent global rank in a day. It has had to learn from the many crises that have come its way. Many scholars who have been studying this company for decades have associated the turbulent experiences as the root behind the company’s social responsiveness, better customer services, and the globally-recognised brand name. Similarly, Johnson Johnson C ompany remains the best business in terms of social responsibility. With reference to the crisis under study, the company adopted the right procedure by choosing to recall its products, irrespective of the cost. It did the right thing by accepting that it was in the wrong and that the consequences it faced were short-lived. Thanks to these companies, the public is aware of the step it should take if such a situation re-emerges. It is best to remain objective in solving the situation, regardless of the cost since every company works for its consumers. All companies’ interest should be to make the lives of the consumers better. These tips proved efficient in dealing with the management of Johnson Johnson and the 1982 and 1999 Coca-Cola crises. Reference List Andrews, E. (1999, June 17). International Business; Cokes Chief Apologises for Response on Contamination. The New York Times. Retrieved from nytimes.com/1999/06/17/business/international-business-coke-s-chief-apologises-f or-response-on-contamination.html Blanding, M. (2010). The Dirty Truth Behind The World’s Favourite Soft Drink. New York, NY: Penguin Group. Business Monitor International. (2014). The United Kingdom Food Drink Report Q1 2015. Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3sid=6e4c0d98-000c-40a8-a269-abd4a8d130a6%40sessionmgr4004hid=4105 Curtin, T., Hayman, D., Hussein, N. (2004). Managing a Crisis: A Practical Guide. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Ferrell, C., Fraedrich, J., Ferrell, L. (2010). Business ethics: Ethical decision-making and cases: 2009 update. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. GAO. (1997). Financial Crisis Management: Four Financial Crises of the 1980s. Retrieved from gao.gov/archive/1997/gg97096.pdf Johnson, V., Peppas, S. (2003). Crisis Management in Belgium: The Case of Coca-Cola. Corporate Communications: An International journal, 8(1), 18-22. Kaplan, T. (n.d). The Tylenol Crisis: How Effective Public Relations Save d Johnson Johnson. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University. Lyon, T. (2004). Crisis Management: Coca-Cola in Europe. Michigan: University of Michigan. Markel, H. (2014). How the Tylenol murders of 1982 changed the way we consume medication. Retrieved from pbs.org/newshour/updates/tylenol-murders-1982/ Pace, E. (1982, Nov 12). Tylenol Will Reappear In Triple-Seal Package. New York Times. Retrieved from nytimes.com/1982/11/12/business/tylenol-will-reappear-in-triple-seal-package.html Rehak, J. (2002). Tylenol made a hero of Johnson Johnson: The recall that started  them all. Retrieved from nytimes.com/2002/03/23/your-money/23iht-mjj_ed3_.html Simpson, M. (2013). Case Study: Coca-Cola. Retrieved from https://crisiscomms.wordpress.com/2013/07/18/case-study-coca-cola/

Tibetans Essays - Tibet, Dream, Psychotherapy, Symbols, Free Essays

Tibetans Essays - Tibet, Dream, Psychotherapy, Symbols, Free Essays Tibetans PSY101 Instructor: Paula Frioli Peter, PH.D Assignment: Abstract 1 Yin, F., Shen, H., He, Y., Wei, y., & Cao, W. (2013). Typical dreams of being chased. INTRODUCTION The majority of people experience couple of dreams in their life time. Falling, being chased or threatened are typical dreams that people experience. These dreams can be traced back to recollections of experiences and desired experienced during early childhood (Freud). Researchers have shown that being chased has the highest occurrence rate. METHOD University students from Tibet and south china were selected for participates. The research uses a stratified sampling principle for data collection (Ying Wei ). There were 600 questionnaires that were distributed. A total of 569 valid questionnaires were returned: 278 Tibetan (66 male and 22 female) and 291 Han chines (196 male and 95 female). The participants ages ranges The Han Chinese (102) and the Tibetans (106) a total of 208 were interviewed to collect basic information on being chased dream. The interviewers focused on the key elements that were emotions, the chasing agents, and the reaction when the dreamer was being chased. RESULTS Tibetan participants have a lower percentage (89.2%) than Han Chinese (97.31%) for those being chased in their dreams. Han Chinese and Tibetan both experience negative emotion (fear) when theyre being chased in their dreams; 79.8% in Tibetan undergraduates and 79.2% in Han Chinese. When the dreamer was being chased during their dream their reaction was to runaway. 72.4% of Han undergraduates would runaway, whereas Tibetans was 59.7%. DISCUSSION Running away is the most basic pattern behavior, its the most natural and main reaction to escape danger. Its best to confront the situation then to run away from it.

Creating a Social Program for the Prevention of Child Abuse Essay

Creating a Social Program for the Prevention of Child Abuse - Essay Example As the discussion highlights  the effects of abuse do have very far reaching consequences in the lives of the abused. Many of them develop psychiatric disorders in their future life. There is more chance for them to experience teenage pregnancy, or commit violent crimes. They are more likely to turn to be alcohol and drug addicts in the future. All these factors have intensified the need to have a strong and organized counter strategy to fight against child sexual abuse. Child abuse results in the development of many harmful effects in children: â€Å"The symptoms can include post-traumatic symptoms, precocious sexualization, depression, anxiety, guilt, fear, sexual dysfunction, dissociative symptoms, eating disorders, substance abuse, prostitution, regressive behaviors such as a return to thumb-sucking or bed-wetting, runaway behavior, and academic and behavior problems.†Ã‚  This paper discusses that  identifying the abused children is an important factor to provide them with the necessary guidance and counseling. According to the Child Welfare Information Gateway, â€Å"learning to recognize the signs of child abuse and neglect† is the first step in helping abused or neglected children and â€Å"a single sign does not prove child abuse is occurring in a family.  It is necessary to have an understanding of the prevailing Governmental and Non- Governmental Organizations that aim at the prevention of child abuse in the United States through various social programs.

Financial management and risk analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial management and risk analysis - Essay Example The new assembly cell requires three cell programmer/operators recruited at a salary of  £20,000 per year each. The cell robots are expected to last for 5 years, after which they can be sold off for an estimated price of  £1,000 each. The company’s cost of capital is currently 10%. This is a two-option financial investment appraisal case which compares the cost of operating an existing sub-assembly line with the cost of a new automated assembly cell. Both options incur costs we could compare to find out which option results in lower expenses over the next five years. Any savings will increase profits, which we can then transform into additional value that would benefit our shareholders. We utilised common investment criteria to analyse this project, and considered other factors that may affect its financial viability. We included our suggested solutions and potential effects on the final decision through a sensitivity analysis, which takes into account: 1. The cost of replacing our eight fitters and with three skilled operators. We included the effect of granting separation pay to each displaced operator and made a recommendation on how much we could afford to pay. The key insight to our problem is to match the cash flows for both options. Option 1 is our existing sub-assembly line, whilst Option 2 would be our proposed investment in new automated machines. Each option has a cash outflow over the next five years. Whilst Option 1 would not require a large cash outflow now, it has the same level of cash flows we are currently spending to maintain the line. In contrast, Option 2 demands a large cash outflow now, but this would result in lower cash flows over the next five years. We compared both cash flow forecasts and arrived at a net cash flow, which is the amount of working capital we would save from the lower cash requirements of Option 2. A basic assumption is that the sub-assembly line’s productivity would be constant, and that