Sickle cell and Anemia

Sickle cell and Anemia Introduction The essay is an in depth critical examination-a quantitative critique of two article based on sickle cell and anemia titled â€Å"Development and Evaluation of a Sickle Cell Disease Assessment Instrument† and â€Å"Iron Deficiency Anemia: Following Prenatal Nutrition Interventions† written by Day Sara and Leblanc Caroline et al published in 2004 and 2007 respectively. It has been noted with concern that it is important for researchers and scholars to be capable to critically analyze studies done by others (Beth, 2010). This is one way of learning regarding research works for them to be able to better their knowledge on the same.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sickle cell and Anemia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Development and Evaluation of a Sickle Cell Disease Assessment Instrument It is worth to note that although the research question for the article written by Day S. is not stated under a subheading, it is evident that there are two research question that guided the study; regarding developing a sickle cell disease assessment instrument and evaluation of the instrument’s reliability and validity. Similarly another question is what the characteristic or critical attributes of sickle cell are. The study employs a qualitative study approach Day, S. (2004). The reason being that the information generated is on a particular case under study, Assessment Instrument for sickle cell anemia. It is a requirement that a research study have both independent and dependent variable. For the article, independent variables are all those critical attributes being studied and include mean hemoglobin, mean leukocyte count, incident of pain requiring emergency room visit and hospitalization and date of occurrence, incident of dactylitis and date of occurrence and incidence of acute chest syndrome and date of occurrence. The dependent variable in this study was sickle cell anemia. Similarly, the article clearly indicates conceptual definition of independent variables and these variables include; dactylitis, acute chest syndrome, date of occurrence, pain events, leukocyte count and hemoglobin. Additionally, Day Sara manages to provide the readers with a conceptual definition of the dependent variable which is the succinct definition of sickle cell. Readers are made aware of the possible courses of action to be taken and similarly the approach used by the researcher to arrive at the problem of the study. It is worth noting that the conceptual definition has made it possible for the author to easily link the variables under study (Day, 2004). All the conceptual definition of both independent and dependent variables has made the author to easily communicate to the varied audiences concerning the results obtained in the research. It is also possible for other scholars to replicate what has been done in the article. Research ethics demand that authors shoul d clearly indicate operational definition of both independent and dependent variable they are studying to avoid confusion in communication. The author has gone an extra mile by not only defining the variables in her study but also explaining them in details. This helps address the issue of confusion in communication as well as making it possible for other scholars to replicate the procedure. This is attributed to the fact that the article has a clear explanation of how the independent variables were arrived at and the measurement of validity and reliability (Burns Grove, 2003).Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A close examination of the article clearly indicates that there are a number of relationships studied. For instance, having an accurate assessment instrument to detect early high-risks signs of sickle cell anemia and reduction in the rates of mortality and morbi dity is evident. Another relationship is high-risk of attributes and severe cases of sickle cell. The relationship makes the reader appreciate the importance of the study. Similarly, as pointed out by Beth, 2010 such knowledge make the relevant stakeholders especially nurses, parents and medics to take necessary steps in saving the lives of children suffering from the disorder. It also gives room to other scholars to carry out research on the same line of reasoning. The three extraneous variables that the author could examine and impact on the outcome are the following; education level and experience of nurses, gender of the children under study and reticulocyte count. Carrying out reticulocyte count would have influence the author in documenting whether anemia is cause by fewer red blood cell or greater loss the red blood cell (Day, 2004). Similarly, it could help establish whether anemia treatment is really working. The education level and experience of nurses could impact on the values attained when testing validity and reliability. It has been noted that SS/SÃŽ ²0 individuals had a decrease in steady-state SpO2 and influenced among other factors gender of the victims. The author concluded that although the efforts to predict children/infants suffering from sickle cell help in initiating a timely medication of the disorder, there is dire need to have in place an assessment instrument that will accurately assess the infants before referring them to therapies that do not have risks. This is vital in reducing the rates of children succumbing to the disorder later in life (Polit Beck, 2007). Iron Deficiency Anemia: Following Prenatal Nutrition Interventions Article two is a research conducted to study iron deficiency anemia prevalence by following prenatal nutritional interventions. Despite the fact that the authors did not in a succinct manner states the research questions and hypotheses, a close examination of the research make the reader easily come up with two major research questions; these revolves around how prevalent is iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women and infant from a low-income background and what are the major/common factors for development of iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women (Leblanc, et al. 2007). In my view, the research question suits the problem and readers can be able to with ease establish them. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative approach. This is attributed to the fact that the study generated both numeric and non-numeric data that help in arriving at the conclusion. The use of this study approach has made the authors come up with comprehensive and authentic conclusion as well as recommendations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sickle cell and Anemia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The authors of the article did come up with a number of independent variables. These include; iron deficiency anemia and major common ris ks factors for development of iron deficiency anemia, women education, family status, ethnicity and social economic status. Similarly there are a set of dependent variables that the authors have brought out clearly and include hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, serum ferritin, serum iron, total iron binding capacity and transferring saturation (Leblanc, et al. 2007) Dependent variable are those attributes in research that are affected by independent variable during a study while independent variables are attributes or factors that can be varied or manipulated during a study. From a close examination of the whole study, there is no indication of conceptual definition of dependent variables. However, the authors did manage to list them iron deficiency anemia and major common risks factors for development of iron deficiency anemia, women education, family status, ethnicity and social economic status. Similarly there are a set of dependent variables that the authors have brought out c learly and include hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, serum ferritin, serum iron, total iron binding capacity and transferring saturation (Leblanc, et al. 2007). On the same note, there is some evidence of conceptual definition of dependent variables. This has made it possible for readers to be aware of the possible courses of action to be taken and similarly the approach used by the researcher from developing research problem to conclusion. Strictly speaking, the authors did mention the various dependent and independent variables but have not fully defined the variables in a succinct manner. It is worth to bear in mind that studies that depict a clear operational definition of both independent and dependent variable are easy to be replicated by others and there is no or minimal confusion during communication (Polit Beck, 2007). For this reason, the study lack adequate operational definition leaving some audiences with difficulties in trying to gasp the content of the study. Howe ver, the slight operational definition especially in terms of methodology can make the study procedures to be replicated with ease. Throughout the research, there is clear evidence that a number of relationships were studied. For example, the relationships between IDA prevalence and breastfeeding, social-economic status of women and age to mention but a few were discussed (Leblanc, et al. 2007). The relationships findings are what guided the authors in arriving to the conclusions.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although it is true that a research need to set its delimitations by defining the variables to be studied, this research did have the potential of including the following extraneous variables; previous participation of the women in Early Childhood Initiative program, family history of the women concerning IDA and education level and experience of the nutritionists. It is evident that mother who did participate in previous ECI program if incorporated in the study will impact on the results and eventually the conclusion (Burns Grove, 2003). On the same note, women who had IDA history in their family tree would also give insight on the results obtained. With regards to level of education and experience of nutritionist, those with higher level of education and longer years of experience would help generate more accurate information as compared to those with lower or same level of education but with minimal years of experience. According to Leblanc, et al. 2007 it is established that an emia prevalence in women and infant from a lower low income background was similar with that of the same women and infant from a higher income background. Similarly, the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in infant is analogous to what has been found in the groups of high risks. They contend that there is need to have in place effective mechanisms in place to curb the problem especially in the groups deemed susceptible. References Beth, L. (2010). â€Å"Guidelines for Critique of Research Reports†. Web. Burns, N. Grove, S. (2003). Understanding Nursing Research. New York: Blackwell Publishing. Day, S. (2004). â€Å"Development and Evaluation of a Sickle Cell Disease Assessment Instrument† Pediatric Nursing. 30(6): 1-9. Leblanc, et al. (2007). â€Å"Iron Deficiency Anemia: Following Prenatal Nutrition Interventions† Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research. 68(4):222-225. Polit, F. Beck, C. (2007). Essentials of Nursing Research. Baltimore: Lippinco tt.

After Wwi East Asia and North Merica Ap World History Essay Example for Free

After Wwi East Asia and North Merica Ap World History Essay ? After world war one East Asia and North America responded similarly to economic growth and social structure, while taking opposite decisions concerning politics and international relations. Both countries grew economically due to industrialism and their standard living improved by opting for western lifestyle. But japan was involved in war and with no thoughts of stopping while the United States was remaining out of it. To start with, United States and japan had similar ideas regarding their social structure. As the united stated was evolving in improving standard living, japan was moving towards western cultural values. In the United States woman’s rights and labor was beginning to be a normal idea and even birth control comes into the picture. While in japan gender equality, freedom of expression and dignity of the individual where being embraced. All of this because allot of men had to fight in war and people where needed to do work, women took a step and did it becoming not only efficient for working but also economically independent. In other words countries standard living was rising with more people being comfortable with their way of living and not rebelling because of having more rights. Moreover United States and japan had their difference regarding their international political position. While japan gets involved in war, the United States opts for isolationism. Although world war was over and japan had seen the deaths and devastation they decided to invade Manchuria a city in china and one year later invades Shanghai because of a minor conflict but also because Japanese where waiting for an excuse to conquer china for resources, after the battle of Shanghai 22 major battles followed. Meanwhile the United States stayed in their side provoking little problems. Not forgetting to mention that Japan and war one. Like that the United States and japan where in opposite sides of the war after The Great War, japan inside and the united states outside. In addition United States and japan both grew economically after world war one because their industrialism. Both of them got involved in the war very late that gave them more advantage because they had more weapons. Also their industry grew allot making more weapons to export and also they had more manufacturing. As well the United States was giving out loans to countries that where in a bad shape after war. These made both countries economically grow and become economically superior from other countries. In conclusion the United States and japan where similar regarding social structure and economics, they had their differences in their decisions to enter war again. Even more important is what would happened next and that despite their similarities they would end up as rivals and fighting against each other. Was that really the right choice? After Wwi East Asia and North Merica Ap World History. (2018, Nov 09).

Discussion question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Discussion question - Assignment Example The model looks to the safety of patients, and their care as far as health coordination system is concerned. It also oversees the provision of self-management skills to the patients (Stellefson, Dipnarine & Stopka, 2013). The chronic care model is being used to care for diabetes patients in the United States in the basic care setting. The model is supposed to measure the indicators of the disease for example self-efficacy for disease management and clinical decision-making. It is designed address the needs of people suffering from chronic diseases. Stellefson, Dipnarine and Stopka (2013) insist that there is a need for increased skills in the management of chronic diseases. And more so in the primary care setting where there is much need for a better leadership and quality caregiving and also improved practice. Advanced Practice Nurses are well suited in this area because they have skills and can address the nature of chronic diseases that require complex

Law Enforcement scenario assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Law Enforcement scenario - Assignment Example The door has been secured well because the thieves were unable to break the door but they entered the building by breaking the windows of the doors. This is the main place where the problem is. Secondly, despite the fact that the door locks have been secured, the overall security of the building is not assured because audiovisual equipment lost in the TV room in addition to the keyboard and mouse that disappeared from the library. These equipments were stolen but not through breaking in. The first issue is that the audiovisual equipment, the keyboard, and the mouse went missing without breakages into the building. Secondly, thieves stole several computers from the computer lab by breaking in through the door windows on the exterior stairwell. The course of action for putting lighting in the rear doors did not meet the criteria regarding cost and was eliminated from consideration. The remaining courses of action were put on the evaluation criteria of cost and maintenance that meet the safety

Biography of Joseph Patrick Kennedy Essay -- Motion Picture Industry F

Biography of Joseph Patrick Kennedy Joseph Patrick Kennedy was a very successful banker and film executive, born in Boston, Massachusetts, on September 6, 1888. Considered by many to be America’s version of the â€Å"royal family,† the Kennedy’s of Boston, Massachusetts have enjoyed triumphs and seen tragedy during the 20th century. As the family patriarch, Joseph Patrick Kennedy instilled values of commitment to public service, determination to succeed, and loyalty to family. His father, Patrick Joseph, was a prosperous saloonkeeper. Patrick also was active in Boston politics, as Irish ward boss, a five time state representative, and state senator. Kennedy’s parents were anxious for their son to succeed, however in the Boston social environment of the time, success was difficult to achieve for people of their Irish-Catholic background. It was Kennedy’s mother, Mary Augusta, who decided that her son should be called Joseph Patrick rather than Patrick Joseph, after his father. She feared that â€Å"Patrick Kennedy† sounded â€Å"too Irish.† Mary Augusta believed that in elitist Brahmin Boston, being Irish and Catholic would obstruct entry into â€Å"better† society. Mary arranged for her son to work for a millinery shop, delivering hats to affluent women. She instructed her son that, if asked his name, to reply simply â€Å"Joseph,† so as to avoid drawing attention to his ethnic background. Both parents were aware that entry to the higher levels of Boston society dictated that Kennedy mix with those outside his Irish community. They sent their son to Catholic schools for his early education, but when he was older he attended Boston Latin School and Harvard University, to be educated with Boston’s elite Protestant families. Although Kennedy made a few friends at Harvard, especially among the minority of Irish students there, and was popular with young Irish women, Kennedy never was accepted by a majority of the students---anti-Irish, anti-Catholic sentiment was strong. One friend warned Kennedy to be very careful in his behavior because Boston Brahmins were watching for any sign that would justify their prejudices. Kennedy’s determination to ingratiate himself with the socially prominent Protestants was viewed by some as distasteful and pretentious. He was never invited to join any of Harvard’s â€Å"better† clubs. Friends indicated what they felt was one of Kennedy’s more commendab... ...n its heyday (1930-49) was managed by a number of omnipotent studios, including Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Warner Brothers, RKO, Paramount, Twentieth Century-Fox, and Universal. They produced endless cycles of films in imitation of a few successful original types. The range of themes included the criminal underworld, behind-the-scenes newspaper dramas, westerns, musicals, costume romances, and character series such as the Charlie Chan films, prison stories, mysteries, comedies, and Broadway shows. Because of their enormous investments and gargantuan rewards (the film industry’s gross income for 1946, its best year, was nearly $2 billion); the studios were encouraged to repeat conventionalized formula pictures. Today, the motion picture industry is an always changing, ever thriving business. Media corporations seem to be replacing true media moguls, buying out all aspects of the entertainment industry and forming one large conglomerate operating everything from radio to television to print to motion pictures. This semester I learned that the coming years will demonstrate a transformation of the motion picture and entertainment industry, not seen since its inception over a century ago.

Imprint of Italian and Irish Americans on the American Culture Essay

On July 4th 1776, Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence. Carefully written on this scribe and on the foundation of this nation are the unalienable rights to â€Å"Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.† (Declaration of Independence, n.d.) While some of the values and ideas of this document come from America’s motherland, England, the promised rights to the free world are shared by no other nation. For this reason, The American Dream is dreamt not only by natural born citizens of this nation, but by many people all around the world. Over twelve million immigrants during the late 1800s and early 1900s passed through Ellis Island, the first federal immigrant inspection station of the free world. Of the newcomers, a portion of them consisted of Italian Americans and Irish Americans. Throughout history, these groups have contributed to what is termed multiculturalism. Being the minority, these two groups have also experienced power-conflicts through their quests of assimilation. The two ethnic groups faced many challenges that helped create what is believed to be the melting pot to many ethnicities and racial groups. For The Journey While the American Dream is a common value, the aspirations of the idea come from different motives. In Italy, a strong, and unfair class structure created such severe conditions that led to 1/3 of the nation’s population to immigrate to the new world. While the majority of this fraction came permanently for a new life, some came temporarily to make enough money to return to Italy and buy land. Simply owning land in Italy automatically escalated Italians within the class structure. Many Italian Americans settled in Chicago Illinois, one of the largest growing cities in America at the time. Chicago offered much opportunity for work, as it was the ideal producer of steel and aider to America’s industrial growth. Back in Ireland,  the Irish had much more to deal with than just a harsh class structure. Under English rule, Irish religious practices were repressed along with many other basic freedoms the Irish came to experience in America. A poor economic situation due to chaos of rebellious battles led to much of Ireland’s population living an unsanitary lifestyle in mud huts well into the late 1800s. These living conditions led to diseases of more than half the population. When the Irish Americans first settled in Boston, they lived crammed into small, single-home houses with at least a couple more families. Many shared cellar, attic, and crawl spaces for living quarters (Youtube, 2011). Overall Assimilation Assimilation in reference to the Italians and the Irish is much more complex and has become an identity reference in itself. Being the weak minority has demanded the Italians and Irish to accept and disregard many of their own practices to satisfy the dominate. Unlike the Irish, many Italians did not stick together, but lived spread-out and separated from others. In fact, some tensions developed between some Italians groups based on what streets and neighborhood they lived on and in. Inside conflicts like this led to outside conflicts as Americans began to depict Italian Americans as a dark and devious group within press. Italian Americans worked hard to reverse this depiction and to adhere to the dominate rule of society. When Mussolini began to restore Italy to what many people believed that to the equivalent of the Roman Empire eras, Italian Americans felt sense of pride. Mussolini knowing that he needed the approval of Italians worked hard to earn their respect. The world viewed Mussolini as a strong leader, and this view reflected off of the proud Italian Americans. However, when Mussolini declared war on the U.S. by joining forces with other fascist leaders, Italian Americans began to receive much ridicule from the dominate social class again. Meanwhile, Irish Americans needed little effort to complete the process of assimilation. Having many of the same physical characteristics as the dominate groups of America, made it easier to focus on progression up the social ladder. The first generation, while working factory jobs like the Italian Americans, led a more togetherness of a lifestyle with one another in their group, which created a better support system. The support system created a stronger group and led to management positions. The second  generation focused heavily on education as much as the dominate class did. Higher education led to political offices within just the third generation of Irish Americans, which led to the Irish becoming part of the dominate group in America. A great example of this would be the Kennedy Family. Power-Conflicts Predicted to be the minority by the middle of the 21st century, the dominate white has been accused of trying to oppress the minority through tactics summarized by power-conflict theories. (Feagin & Feagin, 2011). When the Italians and Irish first immigrated to America, the first jobs they assumed were factory and railroad jobs. Running these factories were members of the dominate class. It is commonly believed that money is the result of success in America, just as the sum of money and success are equal to power. The contrast between the dominate and the minority was very much defined as there was not much of a middle class. It was without effort for the dominate factory runners and railroad heads to pay the minority the minimum for the dangerous work they provided, after all, the only thing factory workers had to provide was their labor while factory runners had the product of the factories. For a long time this was a recurring issue in terms of power-conflicts. This issue created so much unrest until the two groups gained support from within their own groups to develop labor unions. Multiculturalism Multiculturalism is a term that to this day produces many unsettled feelings of both unrest and excitement. America, regarded as the Melting Pot of many cultures is not even a fully multicultural nation, as this country has taken almost three hundred years to see the first African American president. While the Italians and the Irish have worked hard to assimilate to the ways of this nation, they have also brought their culture onto this nation as well. Christopher Columbus day is proudly recognized by Italians as he was always considered the son of Italy. His finding of the new world has been an amazing accomplishment for the Italians. When the Italians finally had a voice in congress, they pushed to make the day a federal holiday (Youtube, 2011). Meanwhile, the strong religion practice as Catholics has also prompted holidays in favor of the Irish, such as St. Patrick’s Day. Without  the push by these groups to recognize these days, America may have not done so otherwise. It is important that days that attribute much to other cultures be recognized by America to promote multiculturalism. For example another federal holiday that reminds America of equal rights among equal groups is Martin Luther King Day. Conclusion In the late 1800s and early 1900s Italian and Irish Americans came to American to take advantage of the opportunities. The Italians settled primarily in Chicago, while the Irish settled in Boston. The two groups worked hard to assimilate through the trials and tribulations of power-conflicts and the everlasting multiculturalism. While the groups assimilated well by becoming an American version of their ethnicity, they also left an imprint on the overall culture of America. When both groups achieved political offices, days that were influential to their groups became federal holidays. References Declatation of Independence. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charter/declatation_transcript.html Feagin, J. R., & Feagin, C. B. (2011). Racial and Ethnic Relations (9th ed.). New York, NY: Prentice Hall. Library of Congress. (2014, May). Immigration†¦Irish. Retrieved from http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationssandactivities/presentations/immigration/irish6.html Youtube. (2011, December). And they Came to Chicago: The Italian American Legacy. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vqeikaWQCyo Youtube. (2011, July). The Irish in America Part 1. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r0sZ_jWcyl

One Art By Sylvia Plath Critical Analysis - 1446 Words

Loss is a universal human emotion. From the small losses of a missing sock to the often overwhelming loss of the death of a loved one, loss comes to everyone in various forms. The nature of loss, however, makes it a rich topic for poetic endeavors. In both â€Å"One Art† by Elizabeth Bishop and â€Å"Lady Lazarus† by Sylvia Plath, the poets write to conceptualize and understand their losses, ultimately applying radically opposing solutions to the same emotional struggle. Elizabeth Bishop was a high-caliber poet known for her excellent use of form and technical genius. Suffering tragedy at a young age when â€Å"her father died, and shortly thereafter, her mother was committed to a mental asylum,† it is somewhat surprising that the majority of Bishop’s†¦show more content†¦This stanza works to normalize the loss of small things, thus treating them like stepping stones to bigger losses. The refrain of this stanza is the first line of the first stanz a, which immediately reasserts Bishop’s idea that loss â€Å"isn’t hard to master† (Bishop, â€Å"One Art† 6). In stanza three, Bishop encourages the reader to become even more comfortable with loss. She presents conceptual losses in this stanza, represented by names, places, and â€Å"where it was you meant / to travel† (Bishop, â€Å"One Art† 8-9). These are lost ideas rather than tangible objects and, as implied by the use of the word meant, ideas that were potential instead of realized; as such, letting these concepts go is a feasible next step in the process of accepting loss. The refrain of this stanza is simply the word â€Å"disaster,† the last word of the third line in the first stanza (Bishop, â€Å"One Art† 9). The use of one word for the refrain gives Bishop greater flexibility to place it more easily into a new context. The fourth stanza transitions from conceptual losses to sentimental losses, which is, again, another step in the process of gradually accepting the bigger losses in life. These sentimental losses are represented by her â€Å"mother’s watch† and â€Å"three loved houses† (Bishop, â€Å"One Art† 10-11). Since Bishop lost her mother at a young age, it’s easy to infer that, if she is referencingShow MoreRelatedHow Sylvia Plaths Life is Reflected in the Poems Daddy, Morning Song, and Lady Lazarus2237 Words   |  9 PagesHow Sylvia Plaths Life is Reflected in the Poems Daddy, Morning Song, and Lady Lazarus Sylvia Plath has had an exciting life, if I can use this word. Her father died from an undiagnosed diabetes when she was eight. At the same time, a short couplet that she wrote was published in the Boston Sunday Herald. Later, she won scholarships to study in Smith, Harvard, and finally Cambridge. There, Plath married Ted Hughes, who was a good poet, too. What amazes me in her lifeRead MoreContemporary American Poetry and Its Public Worlds Essay8159 Words   |  33 Pages But who has the will to concern himself with such dangerous maybes? For that, one really has to to wait for the advent of a new species of philosophers, such as somehow another and converse taste and propensity from those we have known so far--philosophers of the dangerous maybe in every sense. (Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, sec 2.) This will not be one more lament for the sad state of contemporary American poetry. Yet to define some of the basic strengths of new work I have